In situations where medication, psychosocial treatment, or the combination of these interventions proves ineffective (or works too slowly to relieve severe symptoms of
bipolar disorder, such as psychosis or suicidality), electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) may be considered as a
bipolar disorder treatment.
ECT may also be considered to treat acute episodes when medical conditions, including pregnancy, make the use of medications too risky. ECT is a highly effective treatment for severe depressive, manic, and/or mixed episodes. The possibility of long-lasting memory problems, although a concern in the past, has been significantly reduced with modern ECT techniques. However, the potential benefits and risks of ECT for
bipolar disorder, and of available alternative interventions, should be carefully reviewed and discussed with individuals considering this treatment and, where appropriate, with family or friends.